The literature review conducted explores the connections between radicalization and violence against women and girls, focusing specifically on religious supremacist formations and racial/white supremacist ideologies. The review identifies five common themes: purity and imperialism, intimate partner and family violence, sexual violence, anti-feminism, and masculinity constructs.
It highlights how religious and racial supremacists often uphold patriarchal norms and gender inequality, justifying violence against women through notions of obedience and authority. The review underscores the role of religious fundamentalism and the Alt-Right in perpetuating gender-based violence, including sexual coercion and intimate partner violence, while also shedding light on the dehumanization of women within these ideologies. Additionally, it explores the ways in which religious and racial supremacist organizations use sexual violence as a tool of control and dominance, with examples ranging from ISIS' sexual enslavement of Yezidi women to the Alt-Right's framing of entitlement to sex and resentment towards women's autonomy. Moreover, the review examines how these ideologies target feminism as a threat to male dominance, leading to the assault on women's human rights defenders and the silencing of feminist dissent. Lastly, it identifies various masculinity constructs associated with forms of religious and racial supremacy, highlighting how violence is often perceived as a means to restore power and influence within these ideologies.